The terms color blind and diversity

The terms visually challenged and decent variety are generally utilized in governmental policy regarding minorities in society yet they are not equal. Applied appropriately, partially blind ought to be interpreted as meaning without differentiation to shading. This implies the strategies, for example, governmental policy regarding minorities in society should neither development nor ensure the interests of any race. When contrasted with assorted variety, this is comprehended to give the fundamental special treatment so as to propel the interests all things considered, being visually challenged isn't identified with racial relations yet rather advocates the absence of any racial undertones.To show up at a superior comprehension of how these terms work it is imperative to quickly talk about governmental policy regarding minorities in society. Governmental policy regarding minorities in society has been commended and pilloried as the response to racial disparity. First presented by Pres ident Kennedy in 1961, â€Å"Affirmative action† was planned as a strategy for lessening the separation that had stayed in spite of the social liberties laws and sacred guarantees.It was a technique that was set up as a â€Å"Temporary Measure to Level the Playing Field† through the contribution of similar chances to all Americans. As the video appears, the battle for racial equity has taken various ways in American history. For a few, it has mean equivalent chance and correcting of a wrong since a long time ago dedicated, for other people, it stays a consistent battle for endurance as well as for recognition.There have been a few infringement that have disappointed numerous however this away from of the Constitution provoked numerous to make a milestone law that will reverse the situation for the last time. It was â€Å"Affirmative Action† that should spare America from the shades of malice of prejudice and segregation however this order fizzled and in reality it even exploded backward and as opposed to helping the abused it made them look less deserving of regard as ever before.As such, obviously being partially blind, while not quite the same as empowering decent variety, is in many cases traded and can have deplorable outcomes. These ideas, notwithstanding, are not totally unrelated and may exist together under the best possible conditions. It must be recalled that all together for Civil Rights plans, for example, Affirmative Action to work there must be a fine equalization to energize racial decent variety and yet not prompt separation of different races.

Counselling Theories for Cognitive Therapy - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about theCounselling Theoriesfor Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. Answer: Presentation Brain science is one of the key parts in the clinical examination. It includes the investigation of human personalities and its capacities, particularly which are influencing social properties of individuals. With the upgraded pace of mental issues all through the world, the mental treatments have additionally developed, concentrating more on patients all encompassing evaluation and customer focused methodology, all of which at last prompts the improved nature of care arrangement and better wellbeing results of the patient. In this respects, a few therapists have shown various modalities for treating various cases (McLeod, 2011). It is the duty of the clinician to investigate a patient case and recognize the fitting treatment methodology, which would pick up the greatest advantage for the patient. In this task, the key center is a 50 years of age woman, named Jane, who is experiencing melancholy. Accordingly, dissecting her case, proper methodology would be chosen for improving her p sychological and social status. In this task, the key center is a 50 years of age woman, Jane has been experiencing sadness. Jane is getting unsocial, which is one of the components should have been considered all through her treatment. For the situation, Jane has been demonstrated to be separated with two grown-up youngsters, who don't live with Jane. Janes history additionally demonstrated that she has been dealing with her incapacitated mother since she was 29, after the fender bender of Janes mother and father, which slaughtered her dad. Presently, the worry is that Jane has become segregated and turning out to be discouraged step by step (Corey, 2015). Jane was a medical attendant and left her calling, when her mom got incapacitated, for taking legitimate consideration of her. In any case, presently she needs to begin her profession once more, however believes that it is past the point of no return for her to begin once more, as she fears being social and her capacity to meet the prerequisites of the new pract ice. When her GP alluded to a psychotherapist, the underlying advance towards her consideration is to distinguish the most appropriate treatment methodology for Jane. Intellectual social treatment is one of the key mental treatment methodology that concentrations upon the change of customers antagonistic examples in comprehension, including considerations, passionate guideline, convictions and perspectives, by improvement of individual adapting techniques, focusing on the present issues. The CBT is the for the most part utilized confirm based work on, being actualized in mental medications. This treatment methodology is not the same as the authentic psychotherapy draws near, as it is described as issue centered and activity situated (Laska, Gurman Wampold, 2014). The treatment methodology accepts that idea twists and maladaptive practices assume a noteworthy job in creating and keeping the mental issue to advance; mindfulness and instructing new data handling aptitudes alongside suitable ways of dealing with stress are related with trouble. CBT has spoken to potential proficiency in mental medicines including melancholy, bipolar turmoil and others. In this unique circumstance, Janes case situation is indicating that she is essentially managing negative contemplations and emotions, which is thwarting the advancement of confidence with respect to the start of her vocation and socialization. CBT has demonstrated noteworthy proficiency in treating sadness in a few cases, which are obvious in a few past written works. In this unique situation, the CBT treatment would help Jane to adjust her negative emotions and thought towards positive reasoning example, which would thus assist her with starting her vocation once more (Clemens Notman, 2012). As CBT manages negative perceptions, which is the key obstruction in Janes contextual analysis, it is proper methodology for Jane, by helping her to perceive the association between their musings, emotions and practices, to question/supplant silly or misshaped thinking and to pick more beneficial, progressively versatile practices. It would help Jane to become worry about self-care and getting progressively social. As opposed to CBT, another choice is there for Jane, which is the analysis methodology. The analysis methodology centers after understanding the oblivious mental procedures, which are deciding the considerations, emotions, activities and social characteristics of an individual. This is a conventional treatment that assists with deciding and connection these oblivious procedures to the customer with the mental issues the customer is encountering (Norcross, VandenBos Freedheim, 2011). This remedial methodology looks for the psychotherapist to watch explicit standards of conduct of the customer cautiously, which assists with following the wellspring of conduct or feeling back to its source and give the customer the point of view on the present circumstance of patient. As indicated by the CBT point of view, Jane is having negative examples of considerations, emotions and comprehension, which are ruining the advancement of Janes certainty to come back to her expert field once more. In this manner, she needs support and appropriate correspondence, for affecting her sure comprehension by decreasing her negative perception. The CBT treatment would elevate Jane to receive ways of dealing with stress, through which she would have the option to adjust her negative comprehensions towards the positive one (Watts et al. 2013). For this, huge passionate help and compassion is required from the experts side. Then again, as indicated by the analysis methodology, through cautious perception, the wellspring of her conduct and negative demeanor towards her desire to come back to her expert field should have been recognized first. Here, as per Janes situation, there are a few components adding to Janes conduct or mentality. For example, she is secluded, her youngsters live away from her and she possesses lost plentiful measure of energy for building up her vocation. In this manner, these are the purpose for her present side effects of wretchedness and other negative considerations. In any case, these elements are considered as the oblivious variables, adding to her psychological well-being issue, rather than the CBT treatment, which thinks about these elements as the cognizant procedures, adding to her present wellbeing status (Thoma et al. 2012). In this manner, the methodologies of these two topical modalities are extraordinary. While working with Jane, it is critical to pick and actualize the best mental treatment methodology. In this specific circumstance, looking at therapy and CBT for Janes case is significant. In any case, it is hard to think about these two long haul treatment modalities, as CBT and analysis varies in recurrence of meetings and span of treatment. CBT has been demonstrated for the capacity of backslide counteraction; notwithstanding, therapy is just engaged upon the investigation of oblivious standards of conduct, which takes huge measure of time (Kramer et al. 2013). Be that as it may, there are likewise likenesses inside these two treatment modalities. For example, CBT and analysis both depend on the adjusting the personal conduct standards of the patient, which are related with the adverse emotional wellness issues. Both of these treatment modalities incorporate a careful investigation of the patients case and correspondence is the key apparatus for both of the procedure. Both of the treatment modalities set restorative meetings, in view of the patients circumstance and mental issues (Leuzinger-Bohleber, 2014). CBT meetings are focused on transient arrangement, which will help Jane to make strides seeing her profession at the earliest opportunity. Jane is now begun to accept that she has been past the point where it is possible to return to her expert field. CBT legitimately hits her negative contemplations, which are improving her dread, disengagement and burdensome side effects. In any case, CBT likewise advances Janes self consideration related abilities and energize her sure conduct, which are required for Jane as she lives alone and need to deal with her own. Notwithstanding, therapy advances the examination of oblivious conduct, yet these are absent in the cognizant status, in this manner mentioning the appraisal and objective fact start. It is likewise tedious, which isn't sufficient for Janes quicker recuperation and backslide anticipation (Lichtenberg, 2013). Along these lines, contrasting the proof based adequacy of both of the medicines for Janes case, the CBT is increasingly rea sonable for Jane to relieve her issues in current setting. CBT makes an immediate connection with Janes conduct with her negative and broken reasoning examples. Here, in Janes case, it has been seen that seclusion and other key negative components added to debilitate her feeling of self; she believes that she is unequipped for satisfying her expert guidelines, which is making her discouraged step by step. In this unique situation, CBT meetings would help Jane to offer good help and compassion, CBT will feature the positive personal conduct standards that Jane needs to adapt to, rather than recognizing the oblivious contrary reasoning examples, which may demotivate her about herb handicaps. Additionally, mix of some downturn related medicine alongside CBT may show the best outcome, as asserted by (Watts et al. 2013). Taking everything into account, it has been uncovered that the execution of mental modalities may fluctuate from individual to individual. Subsequently, earlier executing one, the psychotherapist needs to survey the patients case altogether. Here, in Janes contextual investigation, intellectual conduct treatment and analysis, these two treatment modalities have been broke down in Janes setting. Further, the distinctions and likenesses among these two treatment modalities have been illustrated. At long last, the best technique for Jane have been recognizing by examining the appropriateness of both of the mental treatment methodology for Jane. In light of existing confirmations and Janes generally clinical status, CBT have been chosen as the most appropriate methodology for Jane. Reference List Clemens, N. A., Notman, M. T. (2012). Psychotherapy

Professionalism and the Foundations of Dental Practice - Free Essay Example

Professionalism is one of the most important fundamental aspects for a healthcare practitioner. It embodies the very essence of how a private practice should be operated properly. This is because it encompasses not one particular aspect of a practice, but all aspects. Without it, not only would the practice ultimately fail, but also everyone associated with the practice (patients, doctor, and staff) may be affected in such a way that his or her very well being, health, and safety may be put at risk. Professionalism does not strictly apply to private practice though. Professionalism applies to other healthcare facilities including educational institutions like Nova Southeastern University. One of the fundamental aspects of professionalism in the dental practice is infection control. The same protocols apply to the orthodontic practice as well. This is because dental patients and dental healthcare providers have the potential for exposure to a vast array of microorganisms including HBV, HCV, HIV, CMV, HSV1, HSV2, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, staphylocci, streptococci and others. Infection control is broken down into two tiers of recommended precautions within the healthcare setting: transmission-based and standard precautions. The less common transmission-based precautions are added level of precautions to standard precautions that are used when patients may be infected or colonized with certain infectious agents. These precautions are more often used in a hospital-based setting with added precautions like ensuring the patient is placed in an airborne infection isolation room (AIIR) in the case the patient is known or suspected to be infected with Tuberculosis and limiting transport and movement of the patient outside of the room for solely purposes that warrant medical necessities. The more common tier of infection control within an orthodontic practice is standard precautions. These are used on every patient. Standard precautions are divided into sub-categories that include: hand hygiene, use of personal protective equipment (PPE), respiratory hygiene/cough recommendations, proper patient placement, proper handling of clean and disinfected instruments, handling of laundry, injection safety, and proper handling of sharps. The recommended protocol for hand hygiene will vary depending on the procedure done, the amount of contamination present, and the desired persistence of antimicrobial action on the skin. Hand washing with soap and water is indicated when there is visual evidence of contamination of the hands with proteinaceous material or when they are visibly soiled with body fluids like blood. If the hands are not visibly soiled, then an alcohol-based hand disinfectant is suitable to decontaminate the hands. It is important for the healthcare provider to understand that gloves do not preclude the need for hand washing. The hands must be decontaminated before direct patient contact. Kalra et al. recommend hand washing for one minute under cold water to minimize the amount of skin pores that open and then use a hand disinfectant afterwards. To minimize dryness that may occur as a result of frequent hand hygiene, a lotion may be used. However, petroleum-based lotions should be used only at the end of the workday to minimize any latex glove weakening and increased permeability. Personal protective equipment (PPE) in the dental setting involves certain protective clothing like gowns, gloves, masks, protective eyewear, and face shields. PPE is aimed to protect against exposure of the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, and mouth and the skin to blood or other potentially infectious materials (OPIM). This is especially important when using rotary dental instruments like handpieces that create a visible spray (composed of aerosols and spatter) that may contain potentially infectious agents.6 Honda and Iwata recommend that to improve proper PPE compliance, the most important approach is through training and education. Specifically, healthcare workers should receive repetitive hands-on training periodically to reinforce the principals that govern proper PPE compliance. To preclude contamination of normal, everyday clothing, protective clothing should be worn. The protective clothing should be changed as quickly as possible when the healthcare provider notices vis ible contamination of it. Before leaving work, the healthcare provider should also remove all protective clothing and equipment. OSHA states that employers are responsible for training employees on proper PPE protocols, for providing the PPE, and ensuring that the work place is best equipped to minimize potential health and barrier hazards by doing a hazard assessment. For an employer to select the PPE that is best suited for employee protection, OSHA requires that much of the PPE including eye and face protection to meet the stands set fort by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). However, this is no ANSI standard for gloves, therefore, OSHA recommends picking gloves that are best suited for what tasks are to be done. A meta analysis by Brewer et al. compared the rates of surgical site infection (SSI) between sterile and non-sterile gloves in common outpatient dental procedures and found no difference in the rate of postoperative SSI between the two gloves. The sterilization of equipment and dental instruments falls into three categorizes: critical, semicritical, and noncritical. These categories are based on the items potential risk to transmit infectious agents associated with its intended task. Critical items represent the highest risk of disease transmission. As such, they should always be heat sterilized. These items include instruments use to penetrate the soft tissue and bone like surgical instruments and periodontal scalars. For orthodontic practices, these items include temporary anchorage devices (mini-implant placement kits), bands, band forming pliers, band removers, and ligature directors. Semicritical items have lower risks than critical items for the transmission of diseases. They include items that come into contact with non-intact skin and mucous membranes like amalgam condensers, dental impressions tray that are reusable, mouth mirrors, and retractors. As such, the majority of these items are heat tolerable and should be heat sterilized when they are. If they cannot be heat sterilized, the item should either be replaced with a heat tolerant one or a disposable alternative found that is used only once and discarded appropriately. Most orthodontic instruments also fall under this category. A very important item that also falls under this category is the dental handpiece and its associated attachments including reusable prophy angles and low-speed motors. These items should never be disinfected with a surface or high-level disinfectant and instead, always heat sterilized between patients.10 This is because studies have shown that during patient use, the internal stru ctures of the handpiece and its associated attachment can become contaminated which puts the next patient at risk to potentially infectious materials if only disinfected and not heat-sterilized.10 In fact, a 2017 study aimed at evaluating the level of disinfection of high-speed handpieces with 70% w/v alcohol found the that level of bactericide and fungicide action was insufficient with the survival of microorganisms and spores that normally would be killed with heat-sterilization.11 In 2018, the CDC updated their recommendations for dental handpieces and recommends that if a handpiece or intraoral device can be removed from dental unit air and waterlines, then they should be cleaned and heat-sterilized between patients. To best follow proper protocols, the CDC recommends that DHCPs follow the manufacturers instructions for sterilizing, cleaning and lubrications the devices. In addition, the handpieces should have FDA clearance. In the even that the handpiece does not have FDA clear ance and cannot be heat-sterilized, it should be discarded immediately.12 For other orthodontic instruments, chemical disinfection is more detrimental to the lifespan of these instruments like cutters than is autoclave sterilization. Chemical disinfection may cause unwanted, localized corroding like pitting which is more deleterious for the patient than surface corrosion. The same can be sad for surface disinfectants that come in the form of a spray, because the pH within the spray may damage the chromium oxide layer of the instrument. Finally, noncritical items include those items that pose the least risk of transmitting infectious materials by contacting skin that is still intact and thus is an effective barrier to microorganism penetration. They include items like blood pressure cuffs, facebow, pulse oximeter, and radiograph head/cone.10 In the case of orthodontic equipment, Kalra et al. identified least critical objects that those instruments that do not touch the mucous membranes. They include orthodontic instruments like ligature cutters, torquing keys, distal-end cutters, V-bend forming pliers, arch form pliers, and bracket positioning gauges. All of which must be disinfected.5 Unless visibly soiled, cleaning is sufficient. If visibly soiled, then an EPA-registered hospital disinfectant should be used after cleaning. When the item is visibly soiled with OPIM or blood, then an intermediate-level disinfectant should be used with tuberculocidal claim. Depending on the intended use of the item within the dental practice, that should determine the level of disinfection necessary and as such DHCPs should closely follow the manufacturers directions regarding exposure time and concentrations for proper disinfectant activity for that specific product. When sterilizing instruments, its crucial to adhere to standard protocols to ensure that the sterilization process is effective. Before sterilizing and disinfecting instruments, it is vital to remove debris and organic contamination from blood and saliva. Failure to do so may result in microorganisms being protected underneath the debris and compromise the sterilization efficacy. This can be done using an ultrasonic cleaner or washer-disinfector.The instruments should be dried after cleaning and inspected, wrapped, and packaged before heat sterilization. Sterilizer performance is critical and as such must be monitored regularly to ensure its performance is working properly. Using a combination of indicators that are biological, chemical, and mechanical in nature can do this. The most accepted method to do for monitoring sterilization is using biological indicator, otherwise known as spore tests. This is because the spore tests use highly resistant microorganisms like Geobacillus or B acillus species and directly assess the killing process. Spore tests must be done once per week at a minimum. Because spore tests are only done sporadically, mechanical and chemical tests should also be used. While they do not guarantee sterilization, they allow the DHCP to assess any procedural or equipment errors and malfunctions that may be occurring. Mechanical monitoring involves assessing sterilization equipment by looking at computer printouts, gauges, exposure times, temperature readings, etc. Chemical monitoring involves assess color changes that occur in certain chemical when exposed to high temperatures. Examples of these chemical indicators include strips or tabs and chemical indicator tapes. Inside every package, there should be a chemical indicator so that the DHCP can see that the sterilization process made it inside the package. An external indicator should be also be used in cases where the DDHCP cannot see the internal chemical indicator. If there is no change in color of the chemical, those dental instruments should not be used. Finally, its vital to maintain accurate records to ensure that the sterilization is being done properly and effectively to establish accountability. To achieve this, its important to have the manufacturer instructions readily available for use. It is also important to assign responsibilities for reprocessing of dental equipment to employees who are appropriately trained in sterilization duties. During the handling and reprocessing of instruments, and equipment, DHCP should always wear PPE. Environmental surfaces should also be routinely cleaned and disinfected. Before disinfection, cleaning should always be done as it removes a large proportion of microorganisms prior to disinfection. Disinfection kills all microorganisms that are recognized as being pathogenic except for bacterial spores. In fact; Rutala et al. defined sterilization as killing of all microorganisms including bacterial spores. Examples include steam at high temperatures and liquid immersion with chemical sterilants. Disinfection was categorized into high and low-level disinfection. High-level disinfection involves destroying all microorganisms except for high numbers of bacterial spores. Examples include pasteurization and liquid immersion with a different chemical sterilant. Low-level disinfection does not destroy bacterial spores as well as mycobacteria. It does destroy vegetative bacteria and some fungi and viruses. Examples include EPA-registered disinfectants that have no tuberculocidal claim and 70-90% alcohol. Cleaning and disinfecting should be emphasized on environmental surfaces where there is a high chance for contamination with pathogens. Examples include clinical contact surfaces like bracket trays, light handles, switches for dental units, and computer keyboards. To minimize the level of contamination whenever possible, the DHCP should place a protective barrier over the surfaces. After, the surfaces should be cleaned and disinfected between patient.10 Housekeeping surfaces that pose less of a risk of being contaminated can be cleaned with regular soap and water unless there is visible evidence of contamination with blood, then they too, must be disinfected.10 Bacterial growth and biofilm formation are also very prevalent in dental unit waterlines. Their formation occurs because of uneven water flow rates, the long narrow-bore tubing present within the waterline, and because oral fluids may be retracted within the system. The water must be treated to meet the standards consistent with typical drinking water set for by the EPA of less than or equal to 500 CFU/mL of heterotrophic bacteria. Simply providing water-bottle systems or using independent reservoirs is not enough to ensure quality water standards. Cleaning dental unit waterlines can be difficult. Szymanska and Sitkowska found that contamination of waterlines occurred regularly with aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria. Mesophile bacteria had mean concentrations that exceeded 1.1105 CFU/mL in the dental unit reservoir. Bulkholderiaceae, Rolstoniaeceae, Sphingomonadaceae, and Pseudomonadaceae were the predominant Gram-negative bacterial species found within the dental unit rese rvoir. Nearly half of all aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria constituted Ralstonia pickettii. Brevibacterium were the highest percentage among Gram-possible rods while Actinomyces species had the highest percentage shares of all Gram-positive microorganisms. Given the diversity of microorganisms within the dental unit waterline, the ADA recommends testing the water that comes out of the unit. There are produces that can estimate the number of free-floating heterotrophic bacteria within the unit. There are also water quality indicators that cannot only detect the type of aerobic mesophilic heterotrophic waterborne bacteria but also the concentration too. There are four methods to improve the water quality within the dental unit. None of the methods will eliminate biofilms though. The four methods include: chemical treatments, filtration, anti-retraction valves, and using water sources that are separate from the public water system. The best way to maintain the dental unit wat erlines and ensure high water quality is to follow the manufacturers recommendations for monitoring water quality and invoke strict protocols with staff involving regular water checks. A study by Wirthlin and Roth found that chlorine dioxide waterline cleaners were the most effective at containing dental-unit waterline contamination. In cases of accidental exposures, immediately wash cuts and needlesticks with soap and water. Eyes should be irrigated with water or saline solution. Flush splashes should be performed to the nose, skin, and mouth.18 In the cases of potential bloodborne exposure to HIV, immediate medical consult should be done. Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) will often be initiated that involves a combination of three or more antiretroviral drugs for a four-week duration. Close follow-up and counseling will also be done from baseline to six months after exposure. Adhering to strict infection control practices within orthodontic practices and educational institutions as a whole is vital to patient and DHCP safety. It does not matter if it is here at Nova Southeastern University or in private practice. The use of standard precautions helps mitigate the risks of contamination to microbial pathogens and exposure to infectious materials. The onus is on the orthodontist and other DHCPs to ensure that infec tion control procedures are never deviated from the standard, that infection control is always made a priority, and that routine education is given to keep up-to-date with the latest guidelines. Maintaining a sense of professionalism and integrity will ensure that such principles and protocols are followed. As one of the key components of ethics, integrity ensures that the DHCP maintains a strong sense of moral character and subsequently leads by example. Only then can the DHCP achieve a level of respect, honor, trustworthiness, dependability, honesty, and truthfulness.

Demographic Trends of Gun Ownership in the US

The perception of who owns guns in the U.S. is heavily shaped by stereotypes perpetuated by news media, film, and television. The armed black man (or boy) is one of the most pervasive images in our media culture, but the image of the armed white southerner, the military veteran, and the hunter are common too. The results of a 2014 Pew Research Center survey revealed that while some of these stereotypes hold true, others are way off the mark, and possibly quite damaging in their mischaracterization. 1 in 3 Americans Live in a Home With Guns Pews survey, which included 3,243 participants from across the country, found that just over a third of all American adults have guns in their homes. The rate of gun ownership is slightly higher for men than for women, and fairly even across the nation, with the exception of the northeast, where just 27 percent have them, as compared with 34 percent in the west, 35 percent in the midwest, and 38 percent in the south.  Pew also found similar rates of ownership among those with children in the home and those without -- about a third across the board. Thats where the general trends end and significant differences emerge around other variables and characteristics. Some of them may surprise you. Older, Rural, and Republican Americans Are More Likely to Own Guns The study found that gun ownership is highest among those over 50 years of age (40 percent) and lowest among young adults  (26 percent), while ownership among middle-aged adults mimics the overall trend. At 51 percent, gun ownership is far more likely among rural residents than all others and lowest in urban areas (25 percent). Its also far more likely among those who affiliate with the Republican party (49 percent) than among those who are Independents (37 percent) or Democrats (22 percent). Ownership by ideology -- conservative, moderate, and liberal -- shows the same distribution. White People Are Twice as Likely to Own Guns Than Blacks and Hispanics The really surprising result given the way violence is present within racial stereotypes has to do with race. White adults are twice as likely to have guns at home than are blacks and Hispanics. While the overall rate of ownership among whites is 41 percent, it is just 19 percent among blacks and 20 percent among Hispanics. In other words, while more than 1 in 3 white adults lives in a house with guns, just 1 in 5 black or Hispanics adults do the same. It is gun ownership among white people, then, that drives the national rate up to 34 percent. However, despite this disparity in ownership by race, blacks and Hispanics are far more likely than whites to be the victims of gun homicide. That rate is highest for Blacks,  which is likely influenced by the over-representation of homicide by police among this racial group, especially since they are the  racial group  least likely to actually own guns. Pews data also reveal a significant trend at the intersection of race and geography: nearly half of all white southerners have guns in the home. (The low rate of ownership among blacks in the south brings the overall rate for the region down by nine percentage points.) Gun Owners Are More Likely to Identify as a Typical American Perhaps most fascinating (and troubling) among the findings is the set of data that show a connection between gun ownership and American values and identity. Those who own guns are more likely than the general population to identify as a typical American,  to claim honor and duty as core values, and to say that they often feel proud to be American. And, while those who own guns are also more likely to consider themselves outdoor people, just 37 percent of gun owners identify as hunters, fishers, or sportsmen. This finding would seem to debunk the common sense notion that people keep firearms for hunting. In fact, most do not actually hunt with them. Pews Findings Raise Questions About Gun Crime in the U.S. For those concerned about the high rate of gun crime in the U.S. compared with other nations, the findings pose some serious questions. Why are police far more likely to kill black men than any others, especially given that most of those killed by police are unarmed? And, what are the public health consequences of the centrality of firearms to American values and identity? Perhaps its time to frame media representation of black men and boys -- which overwhelmingly portrays them as perpetrators and victims of gun crime -- as a national public health crisis. Certainly, this pervasive imagery has an effect on the expectation among police that they will be armed, despite the fact that they are the  least  likely racial group to be. Pews data also suggest that tackling gun crime in the U.S. will require the decoupling of American values, traditions, rituals, and identity from firearms, as they seem to be tightly linked for many gun owners. These associations likely fuel the scientifically debunked good guy with a gun thesis that suggests that gun ownership makes society safer. Sadly, a mountain of scientific evidence shows that  it does not, and its important that we understand the cultural underpinnings of gun ownership if we really want to have a safer society.

The Battle Of The French Revolution - 1569 Words

THE BATTLE OF WATERLOO Introduction On June 18, 1815, the last battle of Napoleon Bonaparte called The Battle of Waterloo took place in Belgium. Napoleon lived from 1769-1821. He was the French military leader and emperor. Through his ingenious military tactics, he took over much of mainland Europe in the early 19th century. The French Revolution (1789-1799) was a time of unrest. Napoleon took advantage of the unrest and was able to progress up through the ranks of the French army. At the end of the French Revolution, Napoleon had gained control of the French government in 1799. Five years later Napoleon crowned himself emperor in 1804. Napoleon eager to expand his empire, engaged in a series of wars across western and†¦show more content†¦Napoleon’s parents despite being Corsican nobility were not wealthy. Napoleon did not grow up wealthy, and this may have led him to join the French military academy. Napoleon graduated the French military academy in 1785. He soon joined the art illery regiment of the French army. In 1789, there was much rife and discontent of the French monarchy and the French Revolution ensued. The French monarchy was overthrown in three years by the revolutionaries and proclaimed France a French republic. The revolution lasted 10 years, and Napoleon improved his military prowess through the revolution and rapidly rose through the ranks of the French army proving himself an accomplished and audacious leader. In a coup d’à ©tat, Napoleon seized political power of France in 1799. He gained the title of first consul and was France’s leading political force. In an opulent ceremony, Napoleon crowned himself emperor in 1804 . Napoleon’s hunger for more power and the expansion of the French empire lead him in a string of victorious battles against several leagues of European nations. Napoleon expanded much of the French empire across western and central continental Europe. Planning and Preparation As Napoleon sought to expand to the east, he met the nation of Russia. Napoleon sought to conquer Russia because they had not kept the embargo placed on

Negotiation Celebrity Endorsement Contract

Question: Discuss about the Negotiationfor Celebrity Endorsement Contract. Answer: Pre-Negotiation My Clients BATNA and Reservation Value My client has set the bar too low that can make it difficult for negotiation. However, my reservation value is better than the celebrity. For example, the BATNA offered by the company is $25 million. This is a good offer because the celebrity involved has an exceptional brand and commands a significant following from the public. Based on this BATNA, the celebrity who will not be able to accept this amount would be refused. However, my client has also considered the reservation value at $20 million annually. According to Ellis (2011), by setting a reservation cost price, the company must have examined the premium to the offered BATNA because of the diversity in the fields. Indeed, the ticket value is the worst or least fair deal regarding the price. It is nearly the walkway point or bottom line. Celebritys BATNA and Reservation Value At the prenegotiation stage, it is important to consider different factors to avoid future misunderstanding and conflicts regarding the contract. The most important factor to look for in a celebrity is the experience. In fact, experience in negotiating contracts makes the problem half-solved. As a representative of the company at the negotiation table, translating the talks into working and the binding document is necessary (Ellis 2011). With the Turnkey approach, nothing will be left out of the legal document. As such, it will save the time used in the negotiation. Given the significant of the celebrity endorsement on the brand, the party should rush into the process. In this process, the broker or the lead negotiation team from the company will be acting as an agent (Kandell 2013). In any negotiation involving officials, the deal must go through. The BATNA of the other is that the cost of the endorsement should be as high as $50 million annually. The lowest BATNA needs to be $30 mi llion in the same period. A typical celebrity broker will charge about 10-15 percent of the payments. To this effect, the agent would try to maximize the extremely high end. Based on this figure, the broker will earn about $300,000-500,000 for successfully breaking the impasse. The Brokers of the celebrity also have relevant experience to conclude the celebrity endorsement deals efficiently (Kandell 2013). With the assistance of the legal teams trained in the negotiation, they try to protect the interest of the clients. The lawyers are liable and answerable to their client their failure to advise the clients legally can break the relationships. Based on this position or the BATNA of the customer, the reservation value stood at $300,000 The ZOPA Range and the Strategy for Claiming the Greater Proportion of the ZOPA The ZOPA range is critical in defining the terms of engagement in the celebrity endorsement negotiation. It is either the value lower than the reservation value or higher than the BATNA. The most important factors in the process could focus on the domain name, social media, e-commerce, the Internet, promotions, advertising, marketing, privacy matters, copyright, and trademark (Ellis 2011). As an active negotiator, I have the zeal to represent my client in the issues revolving around promotion and protection of the partys intellectual property online. Without a doubt, the brick-and-mortar market requires the capacity to utilize the counsel and create respect in addressing the client-specific strategies thus protecting the copyrights and trademarks as well as the intellectual property rights. Indisputably, it stands out that the best deal will focus on protecting the interest of the parties. Although in a negotiation, the possibility of a win-lose situation is a mischief, win-win for a ll makes great sense in the celebrity endorsement. The payoff can be higher than the investment, but the reality is that the long-term goal must remain in sight. Conversely, reservation price can make a positive change because it rarely assumes the knowledge and power of the negotiators. For the company to gain big, it must play hard to get so that the celebrity can also realize that the negotiation is beneficial for both parties. In fact, both the celebrity and the company have strong brand images that can create results. Therefore, the best strategy for the company to scoop the highest proportion in the negotiation is by investing in marketing and quality. To advocate for these factors, it would be possible for the firm to increase its earnings. Negotiation Entering Negotiations with their Counterpart for the Endorsement Contract The endorsement contract negotiation is tough because every throws barbs at everything and anything. Given the situation at hand, I would articulate the interest of my client based on the BATNA and reservation value. In entering these negotiations, the toughness of the position taken can be unmanageable. At the negotiation, together with the counterpart, it is possible to assess the BATNA. This has, to begin with listing the alternatives, evaluating them, establishing the BATNA, and calculating the reservation value. Since I have identified my partner, calculating the BATNA will be easy. I will have to calculate the ticket value that I can accept. If the proposal of the counterpart is lower than my reservation value, it would be prudent to reject it and pursue the BATNA. Before I obtained the BATNA, I had to seek relevant information from the counsel. As such, I found it easy to estimate ligation costs and the likely of winning any litigation. Upon determining the possibility of winning a litigation, it is possible to calculate the actual value to make the BATNA. At some point, the negotiation has hit a snag or impasses. Nevertheless, I boast of various outside option. Therefore, evaluating the BATNA would be the best alternative to facilitate the negotiation. Since I understand the position of my client, I will have to translate the BATNA to the current deal. For instance, my counterpart knows that a celebrity without a brand name can never perform without partnering with companies. Therefore, my business offers the celebrity an opportunity to earn more profits as the markets my product. As an implication, upon exchanging notes and position of each party, both parties took the time to translate the process explicitly. It ensured any aspects of giving up is out of the equation. Therefore, using the market checks and comparing them with other contracts, both parties struck an acceptable deal of $25 million annually. Communications Log The negotiation was set to take two months (60 days) so that both sides could come to an agreement. This timeframe is the maximum extendable duration for both parties to agree and consult. Given the experience in negotiation, the best way to overcome the ZOPA is by resorting to aspirational target thus avoids the cognitive bias as explained by Harvard Law School (n.d). For instance, I had to maintain the reservation value during the negotiation. However, when the deal is better than the BATNA, it is prudent to think about before entering it blindly. This is the secret of becoming a successful negotiator. For instance, good deals are unsustainable thus making a promise that will kill the business is unethical. Therefore, the only way an organization will stick to the negotiation terms is based on the BATNA, Reservation value, and ZOPA principles. The negotiation outcome will see the celebrity offered $25 million in royalty while the company boosts its earnings. Post-negotiation Outcome of the Negotiation The celebrity endorsement is important for the company as it will help in building the brand quickly. This is because; they provide powerful endorsements that have taken advantage of the obsessions of consumers with some of the stars they idolize and follow. It critical to note that celebrity-driven campaigns have generated mixed results because some have failed while others have given an incredible effect (Orvis 2016). It rarely matters the name of the celebrity, the execution framework adopted by the company will be critical as it will allow the firm to exceed the objectives. It is worth noting that marketers have had trouble with celebrities, especially when the marketers are informed of what they needed to do or even skip celebrity marketing campaign. Based on the negotiation, it is essential for the company to create a method that can allow for a proper execution of the celebrity marketing campaign successfully. For example, the use of Burns Method is a perfect campaign tool to facilitate the marketing. With the celebrity marketing workshops, the brand marketers will access the tools required for them to lead and manage the marketing campaign confidently (Williams n.d). For the celebrity, an integrated agency team model is essential in maximizing the marketing campaign. Since the marketers and celebrity are professionals, they understood the negotiation thus fun the work. It is indisputable that consultation process puts the party in an awkward situation. Nevertheless, the Burn method ensured the parties identified the new celebrities thus determining the best celebrity campaign (Harvard Law School n.d). Therefore, the development from the negotiation was fruitful because it addressed all the concerns required in a celebrity endo rsement campaign. Nothing is as good as winning the contract and getting the signature of the celebrity. The company will permanently improve its revenue and reputation. Bibliography Ellis, C. (2011) Negotiation theory and practice, Blogspot, September, 22. (Available at https://negotiatewithchad.blogspot.co.ke/2011/09/how-does-your-reservation-value-relate.html) Harvard Law School. (n.d) BATNA basics: boost your power at the bargaining table, Management Report, (Available at https://www.bc.edu/content/dam/files/centers/cwf/individuals/pdf/BANTABasics.pdf) Kandell, E. F. (2013) Know your negotiation strategy, Disclosures, May/June. (Available at https://www.alternativeresolutions.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Negotiation%20VaCPAs%20MJ%202013%20final.pdf) Orvis, G. (2016) Forget celebrity endorsements: why retailers should engage microinfluencers, Shopify Blogs, September 15. (Available at https://www.shopify.com/retail/move-over-celebrities-why-micro-influencers-are-the-latest-force-in-influencer-marketing-for-retail) Williams, B. (n.d) Celebrity marketing workshop, The Brand Agent. (Available at https://celeb-brand-agent.com/celebrity-marketing-workshop/)

Internet Addiction in Modern Society

Today, the internet has become the biggest source of information in the whole world thanks to the advancing technology (Green 52). Any kind of information concerning anything in this world can be found there. Therefore, many people have sought to improve their knowledge, skills, and abilities about the internet in order to be in a better position to benefit from it. As a result, the world has since become just like a small global village whereby people can communicate from any corner of the world in seconds. Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Internet Addiction in Modern Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More People have also been able to acquire education without having to step in a lecture hall (Tomei 71). It is no longer the time when students had to travel from one continent to another in search of the best institutions of higher learning. These institutions have been brought right in their homes and that ha s cut them all that cost of having to travel and live in a foreign country. Never the less, everything good has its negative side, the emergency of the internet has come with its own ills. A lot of work that was done manually is now being done through the internet (Tomei 73). Students need not walk to classrooms; there are no longer messengers to post or deliver written messages from one office to another. The physical activity that was there is no longer in existence and hence people have become lazy. This is not healthy for the body as people end up developing health complications because of lack of exercise. On top of that, children have been exposed to sources of misleading information. Pornography sites are common sites that are visited by many young people and as a result, they end up learning a lot that can spoil their lives (Green 53). The biggest problem of all is the fact that many people have become addicted with the internet. People in KSA spend most part of the day on line staring on the screen and that has greatly affected other useful activities that used to be carried out there before. There are various reasons that have caused people in KSA to get addicted in the internet. Having a good connection of internet wiring is one great cause of internet addiction (Green 55). Without the wiring, people would not be in a position to access the internet services. Therefore the fact that the government does a lot in ensuring that people get connected, increases their chances of being addicted. There is also increased speed in the use of the internet, which enables people to get any kind of information or entertainment that they may want in a very short time (Kutais 100). If people had to wait for a long periods before accessing what they want in the internet, then perhaps they would lose interest and find better things to do.Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn M ore It is no longer the time that entertainment could only be found in the televisions, newspapers, and magazine. The internet has created a more efficient source of entertainment, which creates a mental stimulation just like in a television (Kutais 100). Continuous exposure to the television has made people too much addicted to some programs and thus their minds are always tuned there. This number of people has since reduced because people have found a more appealing source of entertainment in the internet. There is always that urge to get online and chat with friends, watch movies, play games among other things. The most visited sites in the internet are social sites like face book and twitter. People can now get to know others and make friends on the social cites while others go ahead and get married. Good internet connectivity coupled with the fact that the cost of using the internet is very cheap make people to spent countless hours in the internet (Green 56). There have bee n countless cases of people neglecting their duties even starving children with hunger not because there is no food but simply because they cannot get themselves off the damn internet. By paying a very little amount of money, one can be able to stay glued to the screen for a very long time. Suppose the charges for accessing internet services could be raised, perhaps the number of internet addicts could decline. The internet services can be accessed not only in the computers but also on mobile phones. Social network addicts are on the increase because even in the absence of the computer or the cyber cafà ©, they can easily chat with friends through their mobile phones (Kutais 103). The number of hours people spend on sleep has tremendously declined. A person may need to sleep and even go to bed but fail to do it immediately because of the urge to view other people’s status, to update one’s own and the like. This has been made simpler by the use of mobile phones. From the comfort of one’s own bed all that is done and thus many people no longer take the required healthy number of hours of sleep. Internet addiction has had both positive and negative effects in KSA. In the kingdom of Saudi Arabia where Islam is the religion, gender segregation is at a very high scale. The females are not allowed to interact with the opposite sex from outside their families (Azzam 44). This gap has since been bridged by the social networks; they can communicate and make friends with people of their own choice from the comfort of their houses. Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Internet Addiction in Modern Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There have been many cases of relationships ending due to this. A man may feel jealous when his fiancà ©e keeps chatting with other members of the opposite sex and vice versa. Once cautioned to stop it and one fails to because of addiction, seriou s problems ensue and many times the relationship becomes very strained. On top of that, health complications have arisen because of staring at the screen for long hours and the failure to carry on activities that cause the body to exercise. Internet addiction has led to an increase in antisocial behavior. The way people used to communicate in the real world has since changed. The daily practices that comprise interpersonal communication are declining as internet addicts are now using smiley faces and avatars instead of body gestures (Azzam 41). There is a decline in the use of facial expressions and other body gestures to put across intended emotion. As a result, people have developed personality disorders in which they do not identify with their real life persona but rather with their Internet representation. Therefore, the ability of people to maintain a healthy social life has greatly been reduced (Young 7). In order to help the people in KSA to deal with the problem, rehabilita tion is the best thing that can help them with the best solutions to internet addiction (Young 8). Our group is going to make use the little savings that we have to start a company that will offer rehabilitation services to people addicted to the internet. It is our expectation that we are going to get funding from the government and other donors since we do want to charge any fee to our clients. I am the overall leader of the group and my role will be to see to the success of the company. I will organize everything that has to be done, and make sure that everything is in the right order. My duties include looking for the best facilities that will enable us carry out our mission effectively. I will also go ahead to acquire the best sources of labor from people who are experienced and willing to work as volunteer. The greatest professional problem that many encounter when setting up our company is getting the best human resource (Noble 21). Given that, we do not intend to charge an y fee to our clients, we will need a lot of sacrifice. Advertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More We will not be in a position to pay for any labor not unless we get good funding or a donor. Therefore, people will offer their services based on helping but not earning daily bread. As a result, we are expecting that many people are going to turn our invitations down never the less we are determined to make it. To deal with the above problem, we intend to spread awareness on the importance of offering voluntary services. In addition to that, we are going to request the government for some funds and apply for sponsorship by other able individuals or organizations. If all goes well, we are looking forward to start rewarding our human resources with some amount of money at the end of each month. The big problem is that, the government may turn down our request and we may not be able to get a good donor. On top of that, it is very hard for some people to offer free services given that they have spent quite a lot in acquiring the knowledge that they have. They see it as a waste of time and their energy (Noble 148). That can make us not be able to get the best human resource to add on the one that we already have. The other professional problem that we are likely to face is to do with the training of all the members. Professional ethics require that a person should be well conversant with what he or she is doing in a company. Therefore, we need to train our staff thoroughly for them to be able to offer the best services (Noble 4). Getting the required personnel to give the proper training may be quite a challenge given that we do not have the ability to pay in order to get the best. In order to deal with the above problem, we have decided to make the best use of the internet to look for a volunteer who can offer the service. If that is not possible, we intend to contribute the little that we have to pay for the lowest bidder. In addition to that, we shall try as much as possible to get a lot of information about rehabilitation of internet addicts from the internet. Getting a volunteer trainer may not be easy and contributing the little that we have to pay for one will mean a decrease in the limited finance that we have. Lack of enough capital when starting a company is a great setback (Worthington 12). Still the information on the internet is not enough to equip us for what we are about to do. Depending much on it will mean that our services will be limited to certain activities. We intend to work on looking for the best human resource first before considering the issue of training. This is because with the best skilled labor, there is no need for a lot of training (Worthington 13). That will cut down the cost of having to hire a professional trainer. We will have also been spared the cumbersome duty of having to search for a volunteer trainer. Getting the best skilled labor means having those particular person in our midst throughout. They will end up showing us what to do and correcting us whenever we go wrong. There is a good internet net work in KSA and that has facilitated the use of internet services. Many people are able to access it at very low cost. There are interesting sites like the social media that keeps people glued to the screen for long hours. As a result, people have been addicted to it, and are exposed to many problems (Young 9). We intend to start a company that will help the people to deal with the problem. Getting the required skilled labor is our greatest problem and in addition to that training the staff could pose a big challenge. Works Cited Azzam, Henry T. The Arab World Facing the Challenge of the New Millennium. London: Tauris, 2002. Internet resource. Green, Lelia. The Internet: An Introduction to New Media. Oxford: Berg, 2010. Print. Kutais, B G. Internet Policies, and Issues, Volume 4. New York: Nova Science Publishers, 2002. Print. Noble, Dawn. How to Start a Home-Based Professional Organizing Business. Guilford, Conn: Globe Pequot Press, 2007. Print. Tomei, Lawrence A. Lexicon of Onlin e, and Distance Learning. Lanham: Rowman Littlefield, 2010. Print. Worthington, Kelvin. Setting Up and Running a Successful Home Business. Glebe, N.S.W: Pascal Press, 2006. Print. Young, Kimberly S, and Cristiano N. Abreu. Internet Addiction: A Handbook and Guide to Evaluation and Treatment. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley Sons, 2010. Print. This report on Internet Addiction in Modern Society was written and submitted by user Emelia Marshall to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.